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Portrait of Marcus Antonius (cos. 44)

Marcus Antonius (cos. 44)

Mark Anthony

🏛️ Career

  1. 52 BCE
    (aged 31)
    Quaestor

    Broughton: Chosen without the lot, he served under Caesar in Gaul (a). He did not leave for Gaul until after Milo's trial in April (b).

    Sources (2)
    • Broughton, MRR2
      • (a) Cic. Att. 6.6.4; 7.8.5; Fam. 2.15.4; Phil. 2.49-50 and 71; Dio 45.40.3, in Spain; cf. Caes. BG 7.31.6, a Legate; 8. 2. 1, a Quaestor
      • (b) Ascon. 41 C
    Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

    C. Julius Caesar (2 years; raw 5.00, base 0.455, final 0.455): 49 BCE (Dictator) , 44 BCE (Consul, Dictator)

    C. Cassius Longinus (pr. 44) (2 years; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 49 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 44 BCE (Praetor)

    C. Julius Caesar Octavius (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

    C. Memmius (cos. suff. 34) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 34 BCE (Consul)

    Cn. Pompeius (cos. suff 31) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

  2. 49 BCE
    (aged 34)
    Tribune of the Plebs

    Broughton: Elected with Caesarian support (a; see 50, Augurs), he attacked Pompey upon entering office in December 50 (b), and in January, along with Q. Cassius, supported Caesar's interests with the tribunician veto until the last decree was passed and the Tribunes fled to Caesar (c). From Caesar he received military command (see below, Promagistrates), and during Caesar's dictatorship carried a law to restore the children of the proscribed (d), and one to restore a goodly number of those who had been condemned under the Pompeian law of 52 (e; see above, Dictator).

    Sources (5)
    Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

    C. Julius Caesar (2 years; raw 5.00, base 0.455, final 0.455): 49 BCE (Dictator) , 44 BCE (Consul, Dictator)

    C. Cassius Longinus (pr. 44) (2 years; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 49 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 44 BCE (Praetor)

    C. Julius Caesar Octavius (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

    C. Memmius (cos. suff. 34) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 34 BCE (Consul)

    Cn. Pompeius (cos. suff 31) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

  3. 44 BCE
    (aged 39)
    Consul · Co-consuls: C. Julius Caesar, P. Cornelius Dolabella (cos. 44)

    Broughton: As Caesar's colleague Antony carried at least two of the many measures in his honor, one to change the name of the month Quinctilis to Iulius (a), and one to dedicate the fifth day of the Ludi Romani to Caesar (b). He opposed Caesar's intention of naming Dolabella Consul Suffectus upon departing for his eastern campaign (c). At the celebration of the Lupercalia he offered Caesar a crown (d). On the Ides of March Trebonius drew him away from the scene of the assassination (e). He fled, but later, with the backing of Lepidus and his troops (see Master of Horse, and Promagistrates), recovered himself, secured possession of Caesar's papers and his treasury, and used a period of accommodation with the Liberators and the help of Caesar's veterans to become master of the situation in Rome. Brutus and Cassius were driven out of the capital and received commands (see below, Praetors), and other Liberators succeeded to commands which had been assigned to them by Caesar (see Promagistrates), while Antony himself gained command of Macedonia (and Dolabella of Syria) in April (f) and of Caesar's army there, and then early in June secured by plebiscite the Gallic provinces instead, while both he and Dolabella were confirmed in their commands for five years (g).

    Within this period after the Ides of March several other pieces of legislation were carried: a Lex Antonia to confirm Caesar's acts (h), and another abolishing the dictatorship (i), and with his colleague Dolabella one making fresh assignments of land to veterans (j). A Lex Antonia added a third panel to the juries, one of centurions without census rating (k), while another permitted appeal by persons condemned in the quaestiones perpetuae de vi and de maiestate (l). In addition there was a large amount of legislation for which Antony claimed the authority of Caesar's acta one to recall exiles (m), one to grant full Roman citizenship to all of Sicily (n), one to restore Deiotarus of Galatia to his full rights as King in Galatia (o), and one to relieve the island of Crete of vectigalia, and make it no longer a province after Brutus' governorship (p).

    Meantime, rising support for Caesar's heir, the young Octavian, and the growth of opposition to Antony among the moderate Caesarians led by Hirtius and Pansa caused him increasing difficulty, which was augmented when two of this legions on their way from Macedonia to attack Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul deserted to Octavian. Toward the end of the year he entered Cisalpine Gaul to enforce his claim to that province against the Proconsul Decimus Brutus, who insisted that he was remaining as the legitimate governor. On Antony's acts from March 15 until the end of the year the chief texts are found in (q)

    Sources (18)
    • Broughton, MRR2
      • Fast. Cap., Degrassi 58f., 134, 500f.; Fast. 08t., ibid. 181, 182f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 273f., 275; CIL 12.2.795, 942, 968; Plin. NH 2.99; Joseph. AJ 14.217 and 221; Suet. Iul. 82.4; Censorin. DN 22.16; Obseq. 67-68; Flor. 2.14.7; Die 43, Index, and 49.1; 44, Index; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd.; Chr. Pasc. (all three with the form Antonino); Cassiod.; Zonar. 10.11.
      • (a) Macrob. 1.12.34; Jerome Chr. ad ann. 45, p. 157 Helm; Suet. Iul. 76.1; Censorin. DN 22.16; App. BC 2.106; Flor. 2.13.91; Dio 44.5.2
      • (b) Cic. Phil. 2.110
      • (c) Cic. Phil. 1.31; 2.79 and 82-83 and 88 and 99; 3.9; 5.9; Plut. Ant. 11.2-3; Caes. 62.5; Dio 43.51.8
      • (d) Cic. Phil. 2.84-87; 3.12; 13.17 and 31 and 41; Quintil. Inst. Or. 9.3.61; Plut. Ant. 12; Caes. 61; App. BC 2.109; Die 44:.11; 45.30; cf. Nic. Dam. Vit. Caes. 21, FGrH 2A.405, who names Licinius as the one who made the offer first
      • (e) Cic. Phil. 13.22; Vell. 2.58; Plut. Brut. 17.1, and 18; Ant. 13; Caes. 66.3; App. BC 2.117; Dio 44.19.1-3
      • (f) Cic. Att. 14.9.3, and 14.4; Dio 45.15.2; 47.29.1; cf. App. BC 3.8, and 12, and 24, and 27; 4.57; Nic. Dam. Vit. Caes. 30; see Holmes Architect 188-190
      • (g) Cic. Phil. 1.19 and 25; 2.6 and 109; 5.7-8; 8.28; Att. 15.11.4; Liv. Per. 11-7; Vell. 2.60.5; App. BC 3.27-30; Dio 45.9, and 20, and 22, and 25
      • (h) Cic. Phil. 1.16-24; 2.100; 5.8 and 10; 6.3; 10.17; 13.31; Fam. 12.4.6; Att. 14.9.2, and 12.1; App. BC 2.135; 3.5, and 22; Dio 44.53.2; 45.23
      • (i) Cic. Phil. 1.3; 2.91; Liv. Per. 116; App. BC 3.25; Dio 44.51.2
      • (j) Cic. Phil. 5. 10; cf. 2. 100 and 112; Att. 14.7.2; App. BC 3.57
      • (k) Cic. Phil. 1.19-20; 5.8; 13.3 and 5
      • (l) Cic. Phil. 1.21; cf. 13.5; Dio 46.36.2
      • (m) Cic. Phil. 2.98; 5.11; Dio 45.25.2; 46.15.2
      • (n) Cic. Att. 14.12.1; Phil. 1.24; 2.92; 3.30; 5.12; 7.15
      • (o) Cic. Phil. 2.93-94; Att. 14.12.1, and 19.2
      • (p) Cic. Phil. 2.97; Dio 45.32.4; 46.23.3
      • (q) Cic. Att 14-16; Fam. 6.16-17; 7.19-22; 9.14; 10-12 passim; Phil 1-14 passim; Liv. Per. 116-118; Nic. Dam. Vit. Caes. 17-18, and 21-31, FGrH 2A.399f., and 405-420; Vell. 2.58-61; Plut. Caes. 67; Ant. 14-16; Brut. 18-26; Suet. Iul. 82-84; Aug. 10; App. BC 2.117-3.49; Dio 44.20-45.16; Oros. 6.18.1; Zonar. 10.12-14. See D.-G. 1.57-166; RE cols. 2598-2602; T. Rice Holmes, Architect of the Roman Empire 1-37.
    Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

    C. Julius Caesar (2 years; raw 5.00, base 0.455, final 0.455): 49 BCE (Dictator) , 44 BCE (Consul, Dictator)

    C. Cassius Longinus (pr. 44) (2 years; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 49 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 44 BCE (Praetor)

    C. Julius Caesar Octavius (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

    C. Memmius (cos. suff. 34) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 34 BCE (Consul)

    Cn. Pompeius (cos. suff 31) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

  4. 34 BCE
    (aged 49)
    Consul · Co-consuls: L. Sempronius Atratinus, L. Scribonius Libo (cos. 34), Paullus Aemilius Lepidus, C. Memmius (cos. suff. 34), M. Herennius Picens?

    Broughton: According to Dio (a) he resigned the first day and was succeeded by L. Sempronius Atratinus (see below). (b)

    Sources (3)
    • Broughton, MRR2
      • Fast. Mag. Vic., Degrassi 282f., 288, cf. 136, 508f.; Dio, 49, Index
      • (a) Dio 49.39. 1
      • (b) Of. Grueber, CRRBM 2.525, Cos. iter. Design. tert.
    Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

    C. Julius Caesar (2 years; raw 5.00, base 0.455, final 0.455): 49 BCE (Dictator) , 44 BCE (Consul, Dictator)

    C. Cassius Longinus (pr. 44) (2 years; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 49 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 44 BCE (Praetor)

    C. Julius Caesar Octavius (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

    C. Memmius (cos. suff. 34) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 34 BCE (Consul)

    Cn. Pompeius (cos. suff 31) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

  5. 31 BCE
    (aged 52)
    Consul · Co-consuls: M. Titius, C. Julius Caesar Octavius, Cn. Pompeius (cos. suff 31)

    Broughton: Designated Consul for this year (a), but deprived of his office (b). He styled himself Cos. Tert. on his coinage (c). On the Actium campaign, see below, Promagistrates, on Agrippa.

    Sources (3)
    • Broughton, MRR2
      • (a) App. BC 5.73; Dio 50.4:.3, and 10.1 cf. Degrassi 136 on Fast. Cap.
      • (b) Dio, Degrassi
      • (c) Grueber, CRRBM 2.531, and 583f.
    Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

    C. Julius Caesar (2 years; raw 5.00, base 0.455, final 0.455): 49 BCE (Dictator) , 44 BCE (Consul, Dictator)

    C. Cassius Longinus (pr. 44) (2 years; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 49 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 44 BCE (Praetor)

    C. Julius Caesar Octavius (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

    C. Memmius (cos. suff. 34) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 34 BCE (Consul)

    Cn. Pompeius (cos. suff 31) (1 year; raw 4.00, base 0.364, final 0.364): 31 BCE (Consul)

🏺 Family

  1. Parents
    Marcus Antonius Creticus
  2. Adoptive parent
    Publius Cornelius Lentulus
  3. Siblings
    Gaius Antonius Lucius Antonius Pietas (cos. 41)