Dictators
Broughton: Caesar's third dictatorship continued until April, 45, and was immediately followed by his fourth, which in turn continued until he became Dictator for life at some time between January 26 and February 15, 44 (a). His Spanish campaign ended in a final victory at Munda over the Pompeian forces (b), and he was saluted as Imperator at Ategua (c), a title which the Senate later decreed should be permanent (d). He celebrated a triumph for his victory in early October (e). He granted pardons very freely to his foes (f). Various measures, some of which may have been promulgated in 46, involved a large increase in the membership of the Senate (g), additions to the numbers of the regular annual magistrates, fourteen Praetors in 45 and sixteen in 44, increase of the Aediles to six, through the creation of the Aediles Ceriales, and the election of forty Quaestors in 45 (h). He created new patrician families (i), and extended the pomerium (j). He provided that citizens between the ages of twenty and forty must not remain outside of Italy more then three successive years (k), and no son of a senator unless he served on an administrative staff (ibid.). He revived customs dues in Italy (l), and provided that grazers must employ freemen up to at least one-third of their herdsmen (m). Special honors upon his return from Spain included the right to wear the triumphal garb and the laurel wreath on all occasions, to enter the city on horse from the Latin Festival, the title Imperator for life and for his heirs, and the title of Liberator, a golden chair, and statues on the Rostra adorned with the corona civica and the corona obsidionalis, as well as statues in the temples (n). On the year 45, see D.-G. 3.570-604.
Sources (14)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Grueber, CRRBM 1.537-539, Dict. ter., in the term of the Prefect Plancus, and 542-544, Dict. quar.; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Bell. Hisp. 2, dictator tertio designatus dictator quarto; cf. IGRP 4.33b; CIL 12.2.788; Tac. Hist. 3.37; Dio 43, Index, and 14.4, Dictator for two successive years; and on the duration of the fourth dictatorship, see 44, Dictator, and esp. Degrassi 133f.
- (b) Bell. Hisp.
- (c) Bell. Hisp. 19.6; cf. Cic. Fam. 13.15, prescript, and cf. 16
- (d) Dio 43.44.2; cf. Grueber, CRRBM 1.544f.
- (e) Liv. Per. 116; Vell. 2.56.2; Suet. Iul. 37.1; Plin. NH 14.97; Quintil. Inst. Or. 6.3.61; Plut. Caes. 56.4; Flor. 2.13.88-89; Dio 43.42.1
- (f) Vell. 2.56.3; Plut. Caes. 57.2-3; Suet. Iul. 75.1; App. BC 2.107; Dio 43.49.1, and 50.1-2
- (g) Cic. Fam. 6.18.1; Phil. 11.12; 13.27; Suet. Iul. 76.3; 80.2; Dio 43.47.3
- (h) Dio 43.47.2, and 49.1, and 51.3-4
- (i) Suet. Iul. 41.1
- (j) Dio 43.50.1
- (k) Suet. Iul. 42. 1
- (l) Suet. Iul. 43.1
- (m) Suet. Iul. 42.2
- (n) see esp. Dio 43.43-45; for a fun citation of sources, see D.-G. 3.593-598
Consuls
Broughton: Consul, without a colleague, until he abdicated about October 1 (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Suet. Iul. 76; 80.3; Dio 43, Index; 43.33.1, on his election, and 46.2; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd. (Caesare IIII solo), so also Chr. Pasc.; Cassiod., with Fabius Maximus; on the date of abdication, see Suet. Iul. 76.2; 80.3; Dio 43.46.2
Broughton: He entered upon office about October 1, celebrated a triumph ex Hispania on October 13, and died suddenly on December 31 (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Ost., ibid. 180, 182; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Suet. Iul. 76.2; 80.3; Dio 43.46.2; Cassiod.; on his triumph, Act. Tr., Degrassi 86f., 567; Quintil. Imt. Or. 6.3.61; Dio 43.42.1-2, on the illegality of his triumph; see below, Legates; on his death, Suet. Iul. 76.2; Plin. NH 7.181; Plut. Caes. 58.1; Dio 43.46.2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
C. Trebonius (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar (): 48 BCE (Consul, Dictator) , 45 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 57 BCE (Aedile) , 48 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: He entered office with Fabius Maximus (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Dio 43.46.2; cf. Cic. Phil. 11.5; Vell. 2.69.1; Suet. Iul. 76.2; and see above, on Caesar, for the date
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
Q. Fabius Maximus (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar (): 48 BCE (Consul, Dictator) , 45 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
P. Servilius Isauricus (): 60 BCE (Quaestor) , 48 BCE (Consul)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 48 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Hastily elected on the last day of the year in succession to Fabius Maximus (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Colot., ibid. 274; Fast. Pinc., ibid. 278; Cic. Fam. 7.30.1; Plin. NH 7.181; Tac. Hist. 3.37; Suet. Iul. 76.2; Nero 15.2; Plut. Caes. 58.1; Dio 43.46.2-4; Macrob. 2.2.13, and 3.6; 7.3.10
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Trebonius (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
Q. Fabius Maximus (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar (): 48 BCE (Consul, Dictator) , 45 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 48 BCE (Praetor)
C. Rabirius Curtius Postumus (): 48 BCE (Praetor)
Praetors
Broughton: An ex-Praetor when in command of Farther Spain in 44 (a). See (b)
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Vell. 2.73.2; see 46, Legates
- (b) Sternkopf, Hermes 47 (1912) 325, and 336.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Cn. Domitius Calvinus (cos. 53) (): 40 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Balbus (cos. suff. 40) (): 40 BCE (Consul)
P. Canidius Crassus (): 40 BCE (Consul)
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 47 BCE (Dictator) , 45 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
Broughton: Probably Praetor in 45 (a), since he became Proconsul in Africa Vetus in 44 (see b).
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) see CIL 12.2.793
- (b) 44, Promagistrates; and Sternkopf, Hermes 47 [1912] 329, and 337f.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 45 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar (): 48 BCE (Consul, Dictator) , 45 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
Broughton: Probably Praetor in 45, since he became Proconsul in Macedonia in 44 and 43 (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Phil. 10.26; Dio 47.21.4-6; see 44, Promagistrates
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
D. Junius Brutus Albinus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Menucius Basilus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Probably a Praetor in 45, since he became Proconsul of Cisalpine Gaul in 44 (see 49-46, Legates, and 44, Promagistrates).
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Menucius Basilus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Staius Murcus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: A Praeter of 45, to whom Caesar refused a province, but gave money instead (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Dio 43.47.5
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Trebonius (): 55 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 45 BCE (Consul)
D. Junius Brutus Albinus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Prefect of the city (see below), and probably Praetor, since he was a Legate in 46, and became Proconsul of Transalpine Gaul in 44 (see 46, Legates, and 44, Promagistrates).
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR2
Broughton: Probably Praetor in 45, since he governed Sicily probably in 44, and certainly in 43 (see 44, and 43, Promagistrates).
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
D. Junius Brutus Albinus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Menucius Basilus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Staius Murcus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Probably a Praetor in 45 since he governed Africa Nova in 44 (see 44, Promagistrates).
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
D. Junius Brutus Albinus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Menucius Basilus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
Aediles
Broughton: He received letters from Caesar urging him to rush preparations for the Ludi Romani (a). An Aedile of the Plebs, because the curule magistrates, with the exception of Caesar himself as Consul without a colleague, were not elected until Caesar's return from Spain (b).
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
P. Ventidius Bassus (): 45 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 43 BCE (Consul, Praetor)
C. Cocceius Balbus (): 42 BCE (Praetor)
C. Furnius (): 42 BCE (Praetor)
C. Norbanus Flaccus (cos. 38) (): 43 BCE (Praetor)
L. Cestius (): 43 BCE (Praetor)
Quaestors
Broughton: See 44, Promagistrates; (a)
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) PIR² 1.185, no. 959. Cf. Greek Inscr. British Museum 3.547
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) (): 45 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar (): 45 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
C. Trebonius (): 45 BCE (Consul)
Tribune of the Plebs
Broughton: He introduced bills for Caesar's program to beautify the plan of the city (a). His office is not named, but he was almost certainly a Tribune since no Praetors were elected until Caesar's return from Spain early in September. See Niccolini, FTP 344.
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Att. 13.20.1, and 33a.4, and 35.1, gentilis tuus; cf. Suet. Iul. 44; Dio 43.49
- Niccolini, FTP 344
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
L. Pontius Aquila (): 45 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
P. Ventidius Bassus (): 45 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) (): 45 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: A Tribune who refused to rise as a mark of respect to Caesar at his triumph (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Suet. Iul. 78.2; cf. on his name, Cic. Att. 1.1.3; 7.2.2; and on the confiscation of his land, Cic. Att. 14.21.3; cf. Suet. Iul. 50.2; Macrob. 2.2.5
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Caecilius (or Pomponius?) (not in RE or *RE) (): 45 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
P. Ventidius Bassus (): 45 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
A. Pompeius Bithynicus (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 45 BCE (Praetor)
C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) (): 45 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: As the Tribunes of 44 are known, 45 is the latest year for his tribunate.
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Gell. 15.4.3