Dictators
Broughton: Caesar was named Dictator, probably late in April, for a period of ten years (a), in succession, presumably for the third time for one year and designated for each of the next nine, and rei gerendae rather than rei publicae constituendae causa (see Degrassi 133; and note Bell. Hisp. 2.1, Caesar dictator tertio, designatus dictator quarto, and Grueber, CRRBM 2.576, Dict. iter., Cos. tert., and 1.357ff., Dict. ter., and the notice of his third dictatorship in Fast. Cap. for 45, Degrassi 56f., 133, 500f.). He also received the cura morum (b).
Sources (3)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Dio 43.14.3
- Bell. Hisp. 2.1
- (b) Dio 43.14.4; cf. Cic. Fam. 9.15.5, and 26.3; Att. 12.35; 13.6.1, and 7.1; Sall. Ad Caes. 1.5-8; Suet. Iul. 43
Consuls
Broughton: During this year Caesar crushed the Pompeian forces in Africa (a), and returned to Rome to celebrate four triumphs, for his victories in each of Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa (b). It is not always possible to distinguish which of Caesar's measures were initiated in 46, and which belong to 45 or 44. In any case many were still incomplete at his death. We may note the following items: 1. his reform of the calendar (c); 2. provision that juries should consist only of senators and knights (d); 3. provision that praetorian governors of provinces should serve for only one year, and consular governors for two (e); 4. abolition of collegia, except those of ancient foundation (f); 5. persons condemned de vi and de maiestate were to be interdicted from fire and water (g); 6. sumptuary laws which limited the expenses of banquets, the use of litters, etc. (h); 7. prizes for large families (i); 8. Cleopatra of Egypt was made a friend and ally of Rome (j). He also advanced large building enterprises, such as the Basilica Iulia and the Iulian Forum (k), reduced the number of recipients of public grain (l), and carried on through this year and until his death a huge program of colonization and settlement of veterans, as well as colonization of the poor of the city (m). He left Rome in the second intercalary month for his final campaign with the Pompeians in Spain (see 45, Consuls). Lepidus held the election at which Caesar became Consul for the fourth time (n). (o)
Sources (16)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- CIL 12.2.940, 941; AJA 44 (1940) 358-Ann. Epig. 1947, no. 5; Bull. Com. 68 (1940) 200, no. 1; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 498f.; Fast. Ost., ibid. 180, 182f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Cupr., ibid. 244; Fast. Pomp., ibid. 272; Plut. Caes. 51. 1; Ant. 10. 1; Censorin. DN 20.8; Dio 43, Index, 1.1, and 33.1; Eutrop. 6.23.1; Obseq. 66; Chr. 354; Fad. Hyd.; Chr. Pasc.; Oros. 6.16.3; Cassiod.; Zonar. 10.10; on Lepidus, Cic. Fam. 13.26.3; and on Caesar, Suet. Iul. 76.2; IG 7.1835; and coins, Grueber, CRRBM 1.525f., C. Caesar, Cos. Ter.; and 2.576, Dict. iter., Cos. tert. See below, Dictator.
- (a) Bell. Afr.; Liv. Per. 114; Vell. 2.55.1-2; Suet. Iul. 35.2; Plut. Caes. 52-54; Cat. Min. 57-73; App. BC 2.95-100; Flor. 2.13.64-72; Dio 43.1-14; Eutrop. 6.23; Oros. 6.16.3-5; Zonar. 10.10
- (b) Liv. Per. 115; Vell. 2.56.1-2; Plin. NH 9.171; 14.97; 19.144; Suet. Iul. 37, and 49.4, and 54.3; Aug. 8.1; Plut. Caes. 55; App. 2.101-102; Flor. 2.13.88-89; Dio 43.14.3, and 19.24; Oros. 6.16.6; Zonar. 10.10; and on Gaul, Fast. Cupr., Degrassi 244
- (c) Suet. Iul. 40; Censorin. DN 20.4; Macrob. 1.13.12-13; cf. Plut. Caes. 59; Plin. NH 18.211; Dio, 43.26
- (d) Suet. Iul. 41.2; Dio 43.25.1; cf. Cic. Phil. 1.19
- (e) Dio 43.25.3; cf. Cic. Phil. 1.19; see Sternkopf, Hermes 57 [1912] 321-349
- (f) Suet. Iul. 42.3; cf. on his favors to the Jews, Joseph. AJ 14.213ff., esp. 215
- (g) Cic. Phil. 1.23
- (h) Cic. Fam. 9.25.5, and 26.4; Suet. Iul. 43; Dio 43.25.2; Jerome, Chr. ad ann. 46, p. 156 Helm
- (i) Dio 43.25.2
- (j) Dio 43.27.3; cf. App. BC 2.102
- (k) Res Gest. D. Aug. 20; Plin. NH 36.103; Plut. Caes. 29.3; Dio 43.22.2-3, the dedication of the Forum and the Temple of Venus Genetrix
- (l) Suet. Iul. 41.3; cf. Plut. Caes. 55.3; App. BC 2.102; Dio 43.21.4
- (m) Suet. Iul. 42. 1, settled 80,000 people overseas; Law of Urso, FIRA 1.177-198, no. 21, in 45; Carthage, Strabo 17.3.15; Plut. Caes. 57.3; App. Pun. 136; Dio 43.50.3; Corinth, Diod. 32.27.1-3; Strabo 8.6.23; Plin. NH 4.4; Mela 2.48; Plut. Caes. 57.3; App. Pun. 136; Dio 43.50.3-4; Narbo and Arelate, see Legates, on Ti. Claudius Nero; on allotments to soldiers, see Cic. Fam. 9.17.2, and 18.4; at Captia, Suet. Iut. 81.1; and on his colonial commissioners, see 45, Legates, on Valerius Orca, Prefects, on C. Clovius; 44, Prefects, on L. Plotius Plancus; on his settlements in Africa, see Gsell, Hist. Anc. Afrique Nord 8.172-182, and Broughton, Romanization Afr. Proconsularis 47ff.; in Asia Minor, Broughton, ESAR 4.582; and cf. below, Promagistrates, on P. Sulpicius Rufus; in Spain, Sutherland, Roman Spain 115-131
- (n) Dio 43.33.1
- (o) A full citation of sources in RE 10.246-247, and esp. D.-G. 3.546565. See chiefly Liv. Per. 115; Suet. Iul. 38-44; Plut. Caes. 55, and 58-59; Censorin. DN 20.8-12; App. BC 2.101-102; Dio 43.20-28; and cf. Cic. Pro Marco Marcello; Fam. 4.4; Sall. Ad Caes. 1, esp. 1.5-8.
Broughton: During this year Caesar crushed the Pompeian forces in Africa (a), and returned to Rome to celebrate four triumphs, for his victories in each of Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa (b). It is not always possible to distinguish which of Caesar's measures were initiated in 46, and which belong to 45 or 44. In any case many were still incomplete at his death. We may note the following items: 1. his reform of the calendar (c); 2. provision that juries should consist only of senators and knights (d); 3. provision that praetorian governors of provinces should serve for only one year, and consular governors for two (e); 4. abolition of collegia, except those of ancient foundation (f); 5. persons condemned de vi and de maiestate were to be interdicted from fire and water (g); 6. sumptuary laws which limited the expenses of banquets, the use of litters, etc. (h); 7. prizes for large families (i); 8. Cleopatra of Egypt was made a friend and ally of Rome (j). He also advanced large building enterprises, such as the Basilica Iulia and the Iulian Forum (k), reduced the number of recipients of public grain (l), and carried on through this year and until his death a huge program of colonization and settlement of veterans, as well as colonization of the poor of the city (m). He left Rome in the second intercalary month for his final campaign with the Pompeians in Spain (see 45, Consuls). Lepidus held the election at which Caesar became Consul for the fourth time (n). (o)
Sources (16)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- CIL 12.2.940, 941; AJA 44 (1940) 358-Ann. Epig. 1947, no. 5; Bull. Com. 68 (1940) 200, no. 1; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 133, 498f.; Fast. Ost., ibid. 180, 182f.; Fast. Amer., ibid. 242; Fast. Cupr., ibid. 244; Fast. Pomp., ibid. 272; Plut. Caes. 51. 1; Ant. 10. 1; Censorin. DN 20.8; Dio 43, Index, 1.1, and 33.1; Eutrop. 6.23.1; Obseq. 66; Chr. 354; Fad. Hyd.; Chr. Pasc.; Oros. 6.16.3; Cassiod.; Zonar. 10.10; on Lepidus, Cic. Fam. 13.26.3; and on Caesar, Suet. Iul. 76.2; IG 7.1835; and coins, Grueber, CRRBM 1.525f., C. Caesar, Cos. Ter.; and 2.576, Dict. iter., Cos. tert. See below, Dictator.
- (a) Bell. Afr.; Liv. Per. 114; Vell. 2.55.1-2; Suet. Iul. 35.2; Plut. Caes. 52-54; Cat. Min. 57-73; App. BC 2.95-100; Flor. 2.13.64-72; Dio 43.1-14; Eutrop. 6.23; Oros. 6.16.3-5; Zonar. 10.10
- (b) Liv. Per. 115; Vell. 2.56.1-2; Plin. NH 9.171; 14.97; 19.144; Suet. Iul. 37, and 49.4, and 54.3; Aug. 8.1; Plut. Caes. 55; App. 2.101-102; Flor. 2.13.88-89; Dio 43.14.3, and 19.24; Oros. 6.16.6; Zonar. 10.10; and on Gaul, Fast. Cupr., Degrassi 244
- (c) Suet. Iul. 40; Censorin. DN 20.4; Macrob. 1.13.12-13; cf. Plut. Caes. 59; Plin. NH 18.211; Dio, 43.26
- (d) Suet. Iul. 41.2; Dio 43.25.1; cf. Cic. Phil. 1.19
- (e) Dio 43.25.3; cf. Cic. Phil. 1.19; see Sternkopf, Hermes 57 [1912] 321-349
- (f) Suet. Iul. 42.3; cf. on his favors to the Jews, Joseph. AJ 14.213ff., esp. 215
- (g) Cic. Phil. 1.23
- (h) Cic. Fam. 9.25.5, and 26.4; Suet. Iul. 43; Dio 43.25.2; Jerome, Chr. ad ann. 46, p. 156 Helm
- (i) Dio 43.25.2
- (j) Dio 43.27.3; cf. App. BC 2.102
- (k) Res Gest. D. Aug. 20; Plin. NH 36.103; Plut. Caes. 29.3; Dio 43.22.2-3, the dedication of the Forum and the Temple of Venus Genetrix
- (l) Suet. Iul. 41.3; cf. Plut. Caes. 55.3; App. BC 2.102; Dio 43.21.4
- (m) Suet. Iul. 42. 1, settled 80,000 people overseas; Law of Urso, FIRA 1.177-198, no. 21, in 45; Carthage, Strabo 17.3.15; Plut. Caes. 57.3; App. Pun. 136; Dio 43.50.3; Corinth, Diod. 32.27.1-3; Strabo 8.6.23; Plin. NH 4.4; Mela 2.48; Plut. Caes. 57.3; App. Pun. 136; Dio 43.50.3-4; Narbo and Arelate, see Legates, on Ti. Claudius Nero; on allotments to soldiers, see Cic. Fam. 9.17.2, and 18.4; at Captia, Suet. Iut. 81.1; and on his colonial commissioners, see 45, Legates, on Valerius Orca, Prefects, on C. Clovius; 44, Prefects, on L. Plotius Plancus; on his settlements in Africa, see Gsell, Hist. Anc. Afrique Nord 8.172-182, and Broughton, Romanization Afr. Proconsularis 47ff.; in Asia Minor, Broughton, ESAR 4.582; and cf. below, Promagistrates, on P. Sulpicius Rufus; in Spain, Sutherland, Roman Spain 115-131
- (n) Dio 43.33.1
- (o) A full citation of sources in RE 10.246-247, and esp. D.-G. 3.546565. See chiefly Liv. Per. 115; Suet. Iul. 38-44; Plut. Caes. 55, and 58-59; Censorin. DN 20.8-12; App. BC 2.101-102; Dio 43.20-28; and cf. Cic. Pro Marco Marcello; Fam. 4.4; Sall. Ad Caes. 1, esp. 1.5-8.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul) , 49 BCE (Dictator) , 46 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
M. Favonius (): 59 BCE (Quaestor) , 49 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 42 BCE (Consul)
A. Allienus (): 49 BCE (Praetor)
C. Coponius (): 49 BCE (Praetor)
Praetors
Broughton: The governor of Africa Vetus in 45 was probably a Praetor in 46 (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) see 45, Promagistrates; see Sternkopf, Hermes 47 [1912] 328f., and 388, and PIR² 2.83f., no. 352
Broughton: The governor of Farther Spain in 45 was probably a Praetor in 46 (a)
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) see 45, Promagistrates, See PIR² 2.105, no. 447.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Hirtius (): 46 BCE (Praetor) , 43 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar Octavius (): 43 BCE (Consul)
C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (cos. 43) (): 43 BCE (Consul)
P. Ventidius Bassus (): 43 BCE (Consul, Praetor)
Q. Pedius (cos. suff. 43) (): 43 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: The Proconsul of Sicily in 45 was probably a Praetor in 46 (see 45, Promagistrates).
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Hirtius (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Antonius (): 51 BCE (Quaestor) , 46 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Calvisius Sabinus (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Carrinas (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Sallustius Crispus (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Grueber, (a), where PR is wrongly interpreted as Praefectus; (b).
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Grueber, CRRBM 1.525f.
- (b) cf. Cic. Att. 12.2.2; and 48, Tribunes of the Plebs. See 45, Promagistrates
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Carrinas (): 46 BCE (Praetor) , 43 BCE (Consul)
C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (cos. 43) (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 43 BCE (Consul)
Q. Pedius (cos. suff. 43) (): 48 BCE (Praetor) , 43 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar Octavius (): 43 BCE (Consul)
C. Sallustius Crispus (): 48 BCE (Quaestor) , 46 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Proconsul in Bithynia in 45 (see 45, Promagistrates), and therefore probably held the praetorship by or before 46, more probably before, since he was a Legate under Piso in Macedonia in 57-54, and was in service under Caesar in Africa in 46 without any mention of his title in our sources (see below, Legates).
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
L. Gellius Publicola (): 36 BCE (Consul)
L. Nonius Asprenas (cos. suff. 36) (): 36 BCE (Consul)
M. Cocceius Nerva (): 36 BCE (Consul)
A. Hirtius (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Calvisius Sabinus (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Termed Praetor Designate by Dio (a) in his account of Sallust's peril at the hands of Caesar's mutinous soldiers in the autumn of 47, and Praetor in 46 when with Caesar in Africa (b). See below, Promagistrates.
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Dio 42.52.2, #
- (b) Bell. Afr. 8.3, and 34.3; see Broughton, TAPhA 79 [1948] 76-78
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Hirtius (): 48 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Calvisius Sabinus (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Carrinas (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 48 BCE (Consul, Dictator) , 46 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
L. Volcatius Tullus (cos. 33) (): 46 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: (a), qui Romae ius dicit.
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Fam. 13.14
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Fonteius Capito (): 33 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar Octavius (): 33 BCE (Consul)
L. Autronius Paetus (): 33 BCE (Consul)
L. Flavius (cos. suff. 33) (): 33 BCE (Consul)
L. Vinicius (): 33 BCE (Consul)
Quaestors
Broughton: A Quaestor Designate, probably for 46, who when his ship was captured by Scipio, committed suicide rather than accept mercy (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Plut. Caes. 16.4
Broughton: Served under Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Fam. 13. 10
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
A. Hirtius (): 46 BCE (Praetor) , 43 BCE (Consul)
C. Carrinas (): 46 BCE (Praetor) , 43 BCE (Consul)
Granius Petro (): 46 BCE (Quaestor)
L. Cornificius (): 43 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
M. Servilius (tr. pl. 43) (): 43 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Tribune of the Plebs
Broughton: Niccolini (FTP 341-343) asserts the probability that C. Antonius, like his brothers, included the tribunate of the plebs in his career, as, indeed, Cicero expected him to do (a), but there is no direct evidence that he did so.
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Fam. 2.18.2: tres fratres summo loco natos.... quos video deinceps tribunos pl. per triennium fore, May 50
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Cassius Longinus (pr. 44) (): 44 BCE (Praetor)
C. Cestius (): 44 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 46 BCE (Consul, Dictator) , 44 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
C. Turranius (): 44 BCE (Praetor)
L. Cornelius Cinna (pr. 44) (): 44 BCE (Praetor)