Consuls
Broughton: Bibulus, with the support of three Tribunes of the Plebs (see below, Tribunes of the Plebs), opposed Caesar's agrarian law, but when proved powerless against the combination of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, retired to his house, and by announcements that he was watching for omens kept Caesar's legislation technically invalid (a). Caesar carried a Lex Iulia Agraria(3) early in the year, Probably in January (b), and in May added another to distribute the Campanian land to needy citizens with families (c). He had the acts of Pompey in the East ratified in a single law (d), and satisfied Crassus by remitting one-third of the contracts to the tax farmers of Asia (e). In return for a huge sum he ratified the position of Ptolemy Auletes as king of Egypt (f). Besides minor measures such as the publication of the Acta of the Senate, with which he began his regime (g), and his revival of the custom of being followed by his lictors in the months when he did not hold the fasces (g), he carried an important Lex de repetundis which regulated the procedures and demands of provincial governors more closely than before (h). He received command of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum by the Vatinian law (see below, Tribunes of the Plebs), and with Pompey's support the Senate decreed him Transalpine Gaul in addition (i).
Sources (10)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- CIL 12.2.753, 918, and cf., on Caesar, 7542; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 131, 490f. (C. Iulius C. f. C. n. [-]); Suet. Iul. 19.2; Plut. Caes. 14.1; Gell. 4.10.5; Dio 38, Index; Chr. 354 (Caesare et Vivulo); Fast. Hyd. (Decio Caesare et Bibolo); Chr. Pasc. (#u); Eutrop. 6.17.1; Oros. 6.7.1; Cassiod.; Schol. Bob. 135 Stangl.
- (a) Cic. Att. 2.4-24, passim; Vat. 22; Har. Resp. 48; Dom. 39-40; Planc. 35; Pam. 1.9.7 and 12; 13.4.2; Vell. 2.44; Suet. Iul. 19-20; Plut. Pomp. 47-48; Caes. 14; Cat. Min. 31-33; cf. Liv. Per. 103; Gell. 4.10.8; APP. BC 2.10-14; Dio 38.1-12; Eutrop. 6.17; Schol. Bob. 161f., 148f. Stangl (3) For full discussion and citations of sources for the history and the legislation of Caesar's consulship in 59, see D. -G. 3.180-202, and Motz, in RE 10. 196-201, who is less detailed. See also T. Rice Holmes, Roman Republic 1.312-327; and for recent interpretations, Gelzer, Julius Caesar (3rd. ed., 1941) 83-114; L. R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar 132-137; and "On the Chronology of Caesar's First Consulship," MPh 62 (1951) 254-268.
- (b) Cic. Att. 2.3.3, and 16.2; Fam. 13.4.2; Suet. Iul. 20; Plut. Pomp. 47-48; Caes. 14.2-3; Cat. Min. 31.4-32.6; App. BC 2.10-12; Dio 38.1.1-7.2
- (c) Cic. Att. 2.16.1, cf. 17.1, and 19.3; Fam. 1.9.7 and 12; QF 2.1.1, and 5.1, and 6.2; Vell. 2.44; Suet. Iul. 20.3; Plut. Cat. Min. 31.1, cf. Pomp. 47.3, and Caes. 14.1; App. BC 2.10; Dio 38.7.3; cf. Liv. Per. 103
- (d) Bell. Alex. 68; cf. Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Vell. 2.44.2; Suet. Iul. 19.2; Plut. Pomp. 48.3; Cat. Min. 31.1; App. BC 2.9; Dio 38.7.5
- (e) Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Planc. 35; Val. Max. 2.10.7; Suet. Iul. 20; App. BC 2.13; Dio 38.7.4; Schol. Bob. 157 and 159 Stangl
- (f) Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Rab. Post. 6; Caes. BC 3.107; Plin. NH. 33.136; Suet. Iul. 54.3; Dio 39.12.1
- (g) Suet. Iul. 20.1
- (h) Cic. Sest. 135; Vat. 29; Rab. Post. 8 and 12; Pis. 37 and 50 and 90; Dom. 23; Prov. Cons. 7; Fam. 2.17.2; 5.20.2; 8.8.3, Att. 5.10.2, and 16.21; Val. Max. 8.1.10; Tac. Ann. 14.28; Hist. 1.77; Plin. Epist. 2.11.3, and 19.8; 4.9.9; 6.29.9; Paul. Sent. 5.28, FIRA 2.413; Dig. 48.11; C. Th. 9.27; C. 9.27; 4.18.11.1; Schol. Bob. 140, and 149 Stangl
- (i) Suet. Iul. 22; cf. Cic. Att. 8.3.3
Broughton: Bibulus, with the support of three Tribunes of the Plebs (see below, Tribunes of the Plebs), opposed Caesar's agrarian law, but when proved powerless against the combination of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, retired to his house, and by announcements that he was watching for omens kept Caesar's legislation technically invalid (a). Caesar carried a Lex Iulia Agraria(3) early in the year, Probably in January (b), and in May added another to distribute the Campanian land to needy citizens with families (c). He had the acts of Pompey in the East ratified in a single law (d), and satisfied Crassus by remitting one-third of the contracts to the tax farmers of Asia (e). In return for a huge sum he ratified the position of Ptolemy Auletes as king of Egypt (f). Besides minor measures such as the publication of the Acta of the Senate, with which he began his regime (g), and his revival of the custom of being followed by his lictors in the months when he did not hold the fasces (g), he carried an important Lex de repetundis which regulated the procedures and demands of provincial governors more closely than before (h). He received command of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum by the Vatinian law (see below, Tribunes of the Plebs), and with Pompey's support the Senate decreed him Transalpine Gaul in addition (i).
Sources (10)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- CIL 12.2.753, 918, and cf., on Caesar, 7542; Fast. Cap., Degrassi 56f., 131, 490f. (C. Iulius C. f. C. n. [-]); Suet. Iul. 19.2; Plut. Caes. 14.1; Gell. 4.10.5; Dio 38, Index; Chr. 354 (Caesare et Vivulo); Fast. Hyd. (Decio Caesare et Bibolo); Chr. Pasc. (#u); Eutrop. 6.17.1; Oros. 6.7.1; Cassiod.; Schol. Bob. 135 Stangl.
- (a) Cic. Att. 2.4-24, passim; Vat. 22; Har. Resp. 48; Dom. 39-40; Planc. 35; Pam. 1.9.7 and 12; 13.4.2; Vell. 2.44; Suet. Iul. 19-20; Plut. Pomp. 47-48; Caes. 14; Cat. Min. 31-33; cf. Liv. Per. 103; Gell. 4.10.8; APP. BC 2.10-14; Dio 38.1-12; Eutrop. 6.17; Schol. Bob. 161f., 148f. Stangl (3) For full discussion and citations of sources for the history and the legislation of Caesar's consulship in 59, see D. -G. 3.180-202, and Motz, in RE 10. 196-201, who is less detailed. See also T. Rice Holmes, Roman Republic 1.312-327; and for recent interpretations, Gelzer, Julius Caesar (3rd. ed., 1941) 83-114; L. R. Taylor, Party Politics in the Age of Caesar 132-137; and "On the Chronology of Caesar's First Consulship," MPh 62 (1951) 254-268.
- (b) Cic. Att. 2.3.3, and 16.2; Fam. 13.4.2; Suet. Iul. 20; Plut. Pomp. 47-48; Caes. 14.2-3; Cat. Min. 31.4-32.6; App. BC 2.10-12; Dio 38.1.1-7.2
- (c) Cic. Att. 2.16.1, cf. 17.1, and 19.3; Fam. 1.9.7 and 12; QF 2.1.1, and 5.1, and 6.2; Vell. 2.44; Suet. Iul. 20.3; Plut. Cat. Min. 31.1, cf. Pomp. 47.3, and Caes. 14.1; App. BC 2.10; Dio 38.7.3; cf. Liv. Per. 103
- (d) Bell. Alex. 68; cf. Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Vell. 2.44.2; Suet. Iul. 19.2; Plut. Pomp. 48.3; Cat. Min. 31.1; App. BC 2.9; Dio 38.7.5
- (e) Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Planc. 35; Val. Max. 2.10.7; Suet. Iul. 20; App. BC 2.13; Dio 38.7.4; Schol. Bob. 157 and 159 Stangl
- (f) Cic. Att. 2.16.2; Rab. Post. 6; Caes. BC 3.107; Plin. NH. 33.136; Suet. Iul. 54.3; Dio 39.12.1
- (g) Suet. Iul. 20.1
- (h) Cic. Sest. 135; Vat. 29; Rab. Post. 8 and 12; Pis. 37 and 50 and 90; Dom. 23; Prov. Cons. 7; Fam. 2.17.2; 5.20.2; 8.8.3, Att. 5.10.2, and 16.21; Val. Max. 8.1.10; Tac. Ann. 14.28; Hist. 1.77; Plin. Epist. 2.11.3, and 19.8; 4.9.9; 6.29.9; Paul. Sent. 5.28, FIRA 2.413; Dig. 48.11; C. Th. 9.27; C. 9.27; 4.18.11.1; Schol. Bob. 140, and 149 Stangl
- (i) Suet. Iul. 22; cf. Cic. Att. 8.3.3
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Julius Caesar (): 65 BCE (Aedile) , 62 BCE (Praetor) , 59 BCE (Consul)
C. Vergilius Balbus (): 65 BCE (Aedile) , 62 BCE (Praetor)
Q. Tullius Cicero (): 65 BCE (Aedile) , 62 BCE (Praetor)
C. Papirius Carbo (pr. 62) (): 62 BCE (Praetor)
L. Licinius Murena (cos. 62) (): 65 BCE (Praetor) , 62 BCE (Consul)
Praetors
Broughton: See 58, Promagistrates. A candidate for the consulship, probably in 55 (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Schol. Bob. 156 Stangl
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (pr. 59) (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
L. Appuleius Saturninus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
Q. Fufius Calenus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Vettius Sabinus Quaestio (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: Cic. Planc. 19. See 58, Promagistrates
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Planc. 19
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Q. Fufius Calenus (): 61 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 59 BCE (Praetor)
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (pr. 59) (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Ampius Balbus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Vettius Sabinus Quaestio (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: Presided at the trial of C. Antonius, probably in the Quaestio do maiestate (a; see 62, Promagistrates, on Antonius).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Vat. 27
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
L. Appuleius Saturninus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
Q. Fufius Calenus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Ampius Balbus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Vettius Sabinus Quaestio (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: Carried a law to require separate reports of the votes of the three classes that composed the juries (a).
Sources (1)
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul) , 47 BCE (Dictator)
P. Vatinius (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 47 BCE (Consul)
L. Appuleius Saturninus (): 61 BCE (Aedile) , 59 BCE (Praetor)
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (pr. 59) (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Ampius Balbus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Presided at the trial of L. Valerius Flaccus for extortion (a; see 58, Promagistrates). On the name, see Grueber, CRRBM 1.417.
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Flacc. s5
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus (pr. 59) (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
L. Appuleius Saturninus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
Q. Fufius Calenus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
T. Ampius Balbus (): 59 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul)
Aediles
Broughton: Seidel (FA 62) suggests 59 as an approximate date. Varro's career (a) favors an earlier date for his aedileship, but if Murena was a younger brother of the Consul of 62 Seidel's conjecture is probable.
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Tr. Mil. 79, Q. before 73, Tr. Pl. perhaps by 68
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Visellius Varro (): 59 BCE (Aedile)
L. Calpurnius Bestia (24) (): 59 BCE (Aedile)
C. Alfius Flavus (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Fannius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Broughton: Seidel (FA 62) suggests 59 as an approximate date. Varro's career (a) favors an earlier date for his aedileship, but if Murena was a younger brother of the Consul of 62 Seidel's conjecture is probable.
Sources (2)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Brut. 264; Vitruv. 2.8.9; Plin. NH 35.173.
- (a) Tr. Mil. 79, Q. before 73, Tr. Pl. perhaps by 68
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Julius Caesar (): 69 BCE (Quaestor) , 59 BCE (Consul)
C. Licinius Murena (): 59 BCE (Aedile)
L. Calpurnius Bestia (24) (): 59 BCE (Aedile)
Q. Cornificius (): 69 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Q. Manlius (): 69 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Broughton: Tribune of the Plebs in 62, and candidate for a praetorship in 56, be probably held his aedileship between 60 and 58.
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Phil. 11.11; 13.26.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Julius Caesar (): 62 BCE (Praetor) , 59 BCE (Consul)
C. Licinius Murena (): 59 BCE (Aedile)
C. Visellius Varro (): 59 BCE (Aedile)
L. Fabricius (): 62 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
L. Marius (): 62 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Quaestors
Broughton: Served under C. Octavius in Macedonia (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Vat. 25; Att. 2.24.2; Schol. Bob. 149 Stangl
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul) , 49 BCE (Dictator) , 46 BCE (Consul, Dictator)
M. Favonius (): 59 BCE (Quaestor) , 49 BCE (Praetor)
L. Munatius Plancus (): 42 BCE (Consul)
A. Allienus (): 49 BCE (Praetor)
C. Coponius (): 49 BCE (Praetor)
MT: No further comments in MRR2
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Att. 2.9.1; cf. 2.19.5, and 20.1.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
M. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (cos. 46) (): 59 BCE (Quaestor)
M. Favonius (): 59 BCE (Quaestor)
C. Alfius Flavus (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Fannius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Broughton: Quaestor before 59 (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Plut. Cat. Min. 32; Dio 38.7
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
M. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (cos. 46) (): 59 BCE (Quaestor) , 49 BCE (Praetor)
A. Allienus (): 49 BCE (Praetor)
C. Claudius Marcellus (cos. 49) (): 52 BCE (Praetor) , 49 BCE (Consul)
C. Coponius (): 49 BCE (Praetor)
Tribune of the Plebs
Brougthon: A supporter of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Vat. 38; Sest. 114; Schol. Bob. 135, and 151 Stangl; and on his name, Cic. Planc. 104
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Fannius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Cn. Domitius Calvinus (cos. 53) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
P. Nigidius Figulus (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
P. Vatinius (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Broughton: One of the three Tribunes opposed to Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Sest. 113; Vat. 16; Dio 38.6.1; Schol. Bob. 135, and 146 Stangl
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Cn. Domitius Calvinus (cos. 53) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 56 BCE (Praetor)
C. Claudius Pulcher (pr. 56) (): 56 BCE (Praetor)
M. Aemilius Scaurus (): 56 BCE (Praetor)
C. Alfius Flavus (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
MT: no further comments in MRR2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Cn. Pompeius Magnus (): 55 BCE (Consul) , 52 BCE (Consul)
P. Vatinius (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 55 BCE (Praetor)
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 57 BCE (Aedile)
T. Annius Milo Papianus (): 57 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 55 BCE (Praetor)
Gutta (not in RE) (): 55 BCE (Praetor)
MT: no further comments in MRR2
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Vat. 16.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Fannius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 54 BCE (Praetor)
P. Servilius Isauricus (): 54 BCE (Praetor) , 48 BCE (Consul)
Q. Fabius Maximus (): 57 BCE (Aedile) , 48 BCE (Praetor)
M. Caelius Rufus (): 57 BCE (Quaestor) , 48 BCE (Praetor)
P. Sestius (): 57 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 54 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: One of the three Tribunes who opposed Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Sest. 113; Vat. 16; Dio 38.6.1; Schol. Bob. 135, 146f., 151 Stangl
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Qunitus Ancharius (pr. 56) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 56 BCE (Praetor)
C. Asinius Pollio (cos. 40) (): 40 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Balbus (cos. suff. 40) (): 40 BCE (Consul)
M. Valerius Messalla Rufus (cos. 53) (): 53 BCE (Consul)
P. Canidius Crassus (): 40 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: One of the three Tribunes who opposed Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus (a).
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Sest. 113; Vat. 16; Dio 38.6.1; Schol. Bob. 135, 146f. Stangl
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Cosconius (pr. 54) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 54 BCE (Praetor)
Cn. Domitius (pr. 54) (): 54 BCE (Praetor)
Fonteius (not in RE) (): 54 BCE (Praetor)
L. Aelius Tubero (): 54 BCE (Praetor)
L. Postumius (pr. 54) (): 54 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: The reference in Cicero shows that at the end of 60 Nigidius was in a position such that he could cite (compellare) jurymen, and did so in reference to the trial of C. Antonius. Münzer (RE) suggests that he held the aedileship in 60, Niccolini (FTP 281) that he was a Tribune of the Plebs in 59. He was a member of the Senate in 63 (a).
Sources (2)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Att. 2.2.3.
- (a) Cic. Sull. 42; Suet. Aug. 94.5; Plut. Cic. 20.2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Considius Longus (pr. 58) (): 58 BCE (Praetor)
C. Fabius (Hadrianus) (pr. 58) (): 58 BCE (Praetor)
C. Memmius (pr. 58) (): 58 BCE (Praetor)
Cn. Tremellius Scrofa (): 58 BCE (Praetor)
L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus (): 58 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: The chief supporter in the tribunicial college of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. His legislation included bills to permit rejection of alternate jurymen in forming a panel, and setting limits to the staff of a provincial governor, the famous law granting to Caesar for a period of five years command of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum (to which Transalpine Gaul was later added by the Senate), one authorizing the foundation of a colony at Novum Comum, and other bills regulating relations with cities, kings, and tetraxchs. He played a part in the Vettiua affair. (MRR2)
Sources (1)
-
Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Att. 2.6.2; 2.24; Vat. 5 and 13 and 38, and passim; Sest. 114; Suet. Iul. 20; Plut. Pomp. 48; Cae.8. 14; Cat. Min. 32-33; App. BC 2.11-12; Dio 38.1-7; Schol. Bob. 135, 145-147, 151 Stangl; Cic. Vat. 27; Planc. 36; Schol. Bob. 97, 149-150 Stangl; Cic. Vat. 36; Prov. Cons. 36-37; Liv. Per. 103; Vell. 2.44.5; Suet. Iul. 22; Plut. Cae. 14; Pomp. 48.3; Crass. 14.3; Cat. Min. 33.3; App. BC 2.13; Dio 38.8.5; Oros. 6.7.1; Schol. Bob. 146 Stangl; Suet. Iul. 28.3; cf. Cic. Att. 5.11.2; Strabo 5.1.6; Plut. Caes. 29.2; App. BC 2.26; Cic. Vat. 29; cf. Att. 2.9. 1; Fam. 1.9.7; Cic. Att. 2.24.2-4; Sest. 132; Vat. 24-26, with Schol. Bob. 139 Stangl; Suet. Iul. 20; Plut. Luc. 42.7-8; App. BC 2.12; Dio 38.9. See Lübker 1094.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Q. Caecilius Metellus Scipio (cos. 52) (): 59 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 55 BCE (Praetor)
Q. Fufius Calenus (): 59 BCE (Praetor) , 47 BCE (Consul)
C. Julius Caesar (): 59 BCE (Consul) , 47 BCE (Dictator)
Gutta (not in RE) (): 55 BCE (Praetor)
P. Plautius Hypsaeus (): 55 BCE (Praetor)