Consuls
Broughton: In the Social War Caesar held general command in the southern area, and there, after reverses near Aesernia and in southern Campania, he routed the Samnites at Acerrae (a). In Rome he carried his law to give citizenship to all Latins and Italians who had remained loyal (b), and to permit commanders to grant it de consili sententia (c). Rutilius, who held command in the northern theatre, refused to heed the advice of Marius to wait and train his recruits, and on June 11 was routed and killed in the Tolenus valley (d).
Sources (5)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Div. 1.4; Font. 43; Fast. Ant., Degrassi 164f., and Fast. Cap., ibid. 54f., 129, 480f.; Vell. 2.15.1; Plin. NH 2.98; Obseq. 55; Chr. 354; Chr. Pasc.; Fast. Hyd.; Cassiod.; on Caesar, Cic. Planc. 51; Val. Max. 9.2.2, with praenomen C.; and on Rutilius, Vell. 2.16.4.
- (a) App. BC 1.40-42, with confusion between Sextus and Lucius Caesar; Liv. Per. 73; Diod. 37.17-19; Flor. 2.6.12-14, with confusion between the Consuls; Oros. 5.18.11 and 14-15
- (b) Cic. Balb. 21; Gell. 4.4.3; App. BC 1.49; cf. Sisenna, fr. 119 Peter; Vell. 2.16.4
- (c) ILS 8888; cf. Cic. Balb. 19
- (d) Liv. Per. 73; Vell. 2.16.4; App. BC 1.40, and 43; Flor. 2.6.12, with confusion of the names; Dio 29, fr. 98.1-2; Eutrop. 5.3.2; Obseq. 55; Oros. 5.18.11-12; and on the date, Ovid Fasti 6.563-566
Broughton: In the Social War Caesar held general command in the southern area, and there, after reverses near Aesernia and in southern Campania, he routed the Samnites at Acerrae (a). In Rome he carried his law to give citizenship to all Latins and Italians who had remained loyal (b), and to permit commanders to grant it de consili sententia (c). Rutilius, who held command in the northern theatre, refused to heed the advice of Marius to wait and train his recruits, and on June 11 was routed and killed in the Tolenus valley (d).
Sources (5)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Div. 1.4; Font. 43; Fast. Ant., Degrassi 164f., and Fast. Cap., ibid. 54f., 129, 480f.; Vell. 2.15.1; Plin. NH 2.98; Obseq. 55; Chr. 354; Chr. Pasc.; Fast. Hyd.; Cassiod.; on Caesar, Cic. Planc. 51; Val. Max. 9.2.2, with praenomen C.; and on Rutilius, Vell. 2.16.4.
- (a) App. BC 1.40-42, with confusion between Sextus and Lucius Caesar; Liv. Per. 73; Diod. 37.17-19; Flor. 2.6.12-14, with confusion between the Consuls; Oros. 5.18.11 and 14-15
- (b) Cic. Balb. 21; Gell. 4.4.3; App. BC 1.49; cf. Sisenna, fr. 119 Peter; Vell. 2.16.4
- (c) ILS 8888; cf. Cic. Balb. 19
- (d) Liv. Per. 73; Vell. 2.16.4; App. BC 1.40, and 43; Flor. 2.6.12, with confusion of the names; Dio 29, fr. 98.1-2; Eutrop. 5.3.2; Obseq. 55; Oros. 5.18.11-12; and on the date, Ovid Fasti 6.563-566
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
L. Julius Caesar (): 90 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Sulla Felix (): 93 BCE (Praetor)
L. Valerius Flaccus (): 93 BCE (Praetor)
P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica (): 93 BCE (Praetor)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
Praetors
Broughton: Crushed a revolt of the Salluvii in Gallia Transalpina (a). It is possible that he had held the praetorship, and in 90 was a promagistrate in Gaul. (MRR2)
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Liv. Per. 73
Broughton: An ex-Praetor who served as a Legate during the Social War (Cic.), so 90 is the latest assignable date. (a)
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Font. 43.
- (a) from MRR: See also Plut. Mar. 43.6; App. BC 1.73.
Broughton: MRR2 (from Promagistrates notes): Proconsul in Asia (a). Co-operated with the Roman Legates (see below, Legates) in restoring Nicomedes of Bithynia and Ariobarzanes of Cappadocia to their kingdoms, and in urging them in their turn to make raids on the territory of Mithridates of Pontus (b).
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) App. Mith. 11, and 24
- (b) App. Mith. 11-12; cf. Liv. Per. 74, and 76; Sall. Hist. 4. 69.10M; Iustin. 38.3.4-10, and 4.4-5, and 5.10; Dio 30-35, fr. 99; see Th. Reinach, Mithridates Eupator 109ff. [trans. Goetz]
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
Gn. Octavius (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
L. Cornelius Cinna (cos. 87) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
L. Cornelius Merula (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
L. Postumius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: The latest date possible under the Leges Annales. He was already an ex-Praetor when he served as a Legate in the Social War (a). De Sanotis has shown (b) that Cinna was a patrician, since Caesar when named Flamen Dialis divorced his plebeian wife Cossutia and married Cinna's daughter because the Flaminica had to be a patrician. That Cinna's colleague in the consulship of 86, L. Valerius Flaccus, was also a patrician exemplifies the illegalities of a period when there was neither mos nor ius (c).
Sources (4)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Font. 43; Liv. Per. 76.
- (a) Cic; Liv.; see 88, Legates
- (b) RFil 62 [1934] 550f.
- (c) of. Mommsen, RF1. 114, for the opposing view
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Cn. Papirius Carbo (): 85 BCE (Consul) , 84 BCE (Consul)
Gn. Octavius (): 90 BCE (Praetor) , 87 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Merula (): 90 BCE (Praetor) , 87 BCE (Consul)
M. Marius Gratidianus (): 87 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 85 BCE (Praetor) , 84 BCE (Praetor)
C. Marius (): 86 BCE (Consul)
Broughton: The latest date under the Leges Annales.
Sources (1)
- Broughton, MRR2
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Gn. Octavius (): 90 BCE (Praetor) , 87 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Cinna (cos. 87) (): 90 BCE (Praetor) , 87 BCE (Consul)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
C. Cassius (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
L. Postumius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: The latest date possible under the Leges Annales. Commanded an eastern province with the title of # (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) I. de Delos 4.1.1782; cf. BCH 44 [1920] 303
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
L. Cornelius Cinna (cos. 87) (): 90 BCE (Praetor) , 87 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Merula (): 90 BCE (Praetor) , 87 BCE (Consul)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
C. Cassius (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
L. Postumius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Captured and slain by the Samnites at Nola (a).
Sources (2)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Liv. Per. 73.
- (a) Liv. Per. 73; cf. App. BC 1.42
Broughton: Servilius was a candidate for the consulship of 87 (a), and 90 is therefore the latest date for his praetorship under the Leges Annales. As he celebrated a triumph from his province in 88, Münzer conjeetures that he held one of the Spanish provinces, for the governors of Gaul, Macedonia, and Asia are known. All the Spanish triumphs however that are recorded in Act. Tr. were celebrated pro consule, while that of Servilius was celebrated pro praetore. The probabilities therefore favor Sardinia (b) et Cilicia (c), the scene of his later exploits. On his identification, see Degrassi 563.
Sources (3)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Plut. Sull. 10.3, emending the reading #; of. Mommsen, RMW 536; Münzer, APF 303
- (b) of. Act. Tr. for 172
- (c) see 92, Promagistrates, on Sulla
Aediles
Broughton: Cicero lists Caesar Strabo among the magistrates of 90 (Brut. 305), and Varro records a phrase he uttered as aedilicius before the Censors of 89.
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Brut. 305; Phil. 11.11; Varro RR 1.7.10; Elogium, Inscr. Ital. 13.3.6-CIL 12.1, p. 198; Ascon. 25C; Plin. NH 17.32.
Quaestors
Broughton: See Sydenham (lx), who dates him in 106 B.C.
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Grueber, CRRBM 2.297f.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Q. Sertorius (): 90 BCE (Quaestor)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
C. Cassius (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
C. Julius Caesar Strabo (): 90 BCE (Aedile)
C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Broughton: Served in Cisalpine Gaul, where he levied troops and procured arms for use in the Social War (a).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Plut. Sest. 4.1
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 83 BCE (Praetor)
P. Burrenus (): 83 BCE (Praetor)
C. Norbanus Flaccus Balbus (cos. 83) (): 83 BCE (Consul)
L. Cornelius Scipio Asiagenus (): 83 BCE (Consul)
M. Aemilius Lepidus (): 91 BCE (Quaestor)
Tribune of the Plebs
Broughton: Cicero lists Metellus between two Tribunes who held office in 90 in a group of magistrates then in office (Brut. 305; and note the phrase consequente anno referring to 89 B. C.).
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Brut. 305; cf. Plut. Coriol. 11.4; Rom. 10.2.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Scribonius Curio (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Cn. Pomponius (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Q. Varius Severus Hibrida (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Niccolini (FTP 223) has rightly seen that there were two persons named C. Carbo active at this time. The filiation of one was C. f., and of the other Cn. f., who was therefore a brother of the Consul of 85, 84, and 82. Both attained praetorships, and both died in the civil wars, Arvina at Rome in 82 (confused by Velleius with the brother of the Consul), and the other at Volaterrae in 81 (a). Niccolini has shown that Cicero in Brut. 305 lists the Tribunes of 90, not of 90 and 89. The Tribune of 90 is most probably the orator who is designated as C. f. and Tribune in Orator 213. The Tribune who was co-author of the Lex Plautia Papiria in 89 was Cn. f., the brother of the future Consul. To Niccolini's arguments for a date in 90 a decisive addition is Cicero's presence at the meeting Carbo held, for Cicero served in the Social War in 89 under Pompeius Strabo (b) and later in the same year under Sulla at Nola (c), and probably had little opportunity to hear the Tribunes of 89. Furthermore, Carbo's apostrophe to Livius Drusus in Orator 213 implies that his death was recent. Niccolini's view has been accepted by Münzer (RE).
Sources (4)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Brut. 305, C. Carbo, and 311; Orat. 213, C. Carbo C. f.; De Or. 3.10; Val. Max. 9.2.3, Carbo Arvina; Vell. 2.26.2.
- (a) Gran. Lic. 39 B; Val. Max. 9.7, ext. 3
- (b) Phil. 12.27
- (c) Plut. Cic. 3.1; Cic. Div. 1.72; 2.65
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
Q. Sertorius (): 90 BCE (Quaestor) , 83 BCE (Praetor)
C. Claudius Nero (): 81 BCE (Praetor)
Cn. Cornelius Dolabella (): 81 BCE (Praetor)
L. Fufidius (): 81 BCE (Praetor)
M. Aemilius Lepidus (): 81 BCE (Praetor)
Broughton: Not specifically termed Tribune, but listed by Cicero among Tribunes who were in office in 90.
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Brut. 305 and 311.
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Scribonius Curio (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Q. Varius Severus Hibrida (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)
MT: No further comments in MRR2
Sources (1)
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Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Brut. 305, cf. 311; Ascon. In Corn. 74C; cf. Sisenna, fr. 44 Peter.
Broughton: With equestrian aid and against the veto of his colleagues, Varius carried a Lex Varia de Maiestate (a), applicable to all who had encouraged the Allies to revolt (b). This court continued after the war had caused the suspension of the others (c). C. Cotta went into exile (d), and Aemilius Scaurus (e), Calpurnius Bestia, Mummius Achaicus (?; f), L. Memmius, Q. Pompeius (g), and M. Antonius (h) were prosecuted. The next year Varius himself fell a victim (i), and the law was suspended (j). Called Sucronensis by Scaurus in Val. Max. 3.7.8, and by Quintilian (Inst. Or. 5.12.10), and the Auct. Vir. Ill. (72.11; cf. Ascon. 22 C, Hispanus). Valerius Maximus explains Hibrida as due to doubts about the validity of his citizenship (8.6.4). See 93, Legates, on Scaurus.
Sources (10)
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Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Cic. Corn., in Ascon. 79C
- (b) Val. Max. 3.7.8; 8.6.4; Ascon. 22, and 73C; App. BC 1.37
- (c) Cic. Brut. 304
- (d) Cic. De Or. 3.11; Brut. 305; App. BC 1.37
- (e) Cic. Sest. 101; Scaur. 5; Ascon. 22C; Quintil. Inst. Or. 5.12.10; Auct. Vir. Ill. 72.11; cf. Val. Max. 3.7.8
- (f) App. BC 1.37
- (g) Cic. Brut. 304
- (h) Cic. Tusc. 2.57
- (i) Cic. Brut. 305; ND 3.81; Val. Max. 8.6.4
- (j) Ascon. 73-74C
Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member
C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Scribonius Curio (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Cn. Pomponius (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)
C. Caelius (pr. 90) (): 90 BCE (Praetor)