91 BCE · Magistrates

Consuls

L. Marcius Philippus

5 magistracies , aged 45 at this time

MT: Though at first a supporter of Livius Drusus, Philippus turned against him, and as Augur held that his legislation was invalid

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- Lex Antonia de Termessensibus, CIL 12.2.589-ILS 38, cf. CIL 12.2.707; Cic. Com. 1, fr. 24, with Ascon. 68-69C; Planc. 52; Diod. 37.2.2; Fast. Ant., Degrassi 164f., and Fast. Cap., ibid. 54f., 129, 480f.; Plin. NH 2.199; 33.55; Flor. 2.6.8; Obseq. 54; Eutrop. 5.3.1; Schol. Bob. 117f. Stangl; Oros. 5.18.1; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd.; Chr. Pasc.; Cassiod.; and on Philippus, Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.9 and 12. Though at first a supporter of Livius Drusus, Philippus turned against him (Cic. De Or. 1.24; 2.220 and 255; 3.2; Prov. Cons. 21; Val. Max. 6.2.2; 9.5.2; Quintil. Inst. Or. 6.3.81; 11.1.37; Flor. 2.5.8-9; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.9 and 12-13), and as Augur held that his legislation was invalid (Cic. Leg. 2.31; Com. 1, fr. 24, with Ascon. 69C; Val. Max. 9.5.2).

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Marius (): 86 BCE (Consul)

L. Cornelius Cinna (cos. 87) (): 86 BCE (Consul)

L. Valerius Flaccus (): 86 BCE (Consul)

M. Perperna (): 86 BCE (Consul)

Sex. Julius Caesar (cos. 91) (): 91 BCE (Consul)

Sex. Julius Caesar (cos. 91)

2 magistracies

Broughton: Münzer (RE) and Degrassi (129) suppose him to be a grandson of L. Iulius Caesar, Pr. 166. C. n. is supplied in D.-G. 3.114. (MRR2)

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- Lex Antonia de Termessensibus, CIL 12.2.589-ILS 38, cf. CIL 12.2.707; Cic. Com. 1, fr. 24, with Ascon. 68-69C; Planc. 52; Diod. 37.2.2; Fast. Ant., Degrassi 164f., and Fast. Cap., ibid. 54f., 129, 480f.; Plin. NH 2.199; 33.55; Flor. 2.6.8; Obseq. 54; Eutrop. 5.3.1; Schol. Bob. 117f. Stangl; Oros. 5.18.1; Chr. 354; Fast. Hyd.; Chr. Pasc.; Cassiod.; and on Philippus, Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.9 and 12. Though at first a supporter of Livius Drusus, Philippus turned against him (Cic. De Or. 1.24; 2.220 and 255; 3.2; Prov. Cons. 21; Val. Max. 6.2.2; 9.5.2; Quintil. Inst. Or. 6.3.81; 11.1.37; Flor. 2.5.8-9; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.9 and 12-13), and as Augur held that his legislation was invalid (Cic. Leg. 2.31; Com. 1, fr. 24, with Ascon. 69C; Val. Max. 9.5.2).

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

L. Marcius Philippus (): 91 BCE (Consul)

C. Sentius (): 94 BCE (Praetor)

L. Gellius Poplicola (): 94 BCE (Praetor)

C. Coelius Caldus (cos. 94) (): 94 BCE (Consul)

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Praetors

L. Lucilius

probable

1 magistracy

Broughton: Governor of Asia, after C. Iulius Caesar and probably before C. Cassius and the war with Mithridates (a). (MRR2 from Promagistrates 90 BCE). MT: DPRR lists him as Praetor in 90 BCE

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- (a) I. v. Priene 111, lines 136 and 147; see Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor 2.1579

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Octavius Ruso (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius Caepio (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Octavius Ruso

2 magistracies

Broughton: The Cn. Octavius Cn. f. who appears second in the list of members of the consilium of Cn. Pompeius Strabo at Asculum in 89, just after the name of L. Gellius, Pr. 94, was probably an ex-Praetor at that time and may be identified with the Octavius Ruso who held the quaestorship in 105. (MRR2)

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- CIL 12.2.709-ILS 8888.

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Lucilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius Caepio (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

C. Perperna

1 magistracy

Broughton: Since the Legates in the consular armies of 90 B. C. as listed in App. BC 1.40 were ex-Consuls or ex-Praetors, C. Perperna must have held the praetorship by 91. Münzer suggests 92, the consulship of M. Perperna. (MRR2)

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- App. BC 1.40.

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

Cn. Octavius Ruso (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Lucilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius Caepio (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius

4 magistracies , aged 38 at this time

MT: No further comments in MRR2

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. De Or. 1.168; Val. Max. 3.5.2. See D.-G. 4.317f., no. 5.

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

L. Cornelius Sulla Felix (): 88 BCE (Consul)

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Octavius Ruso (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Lucilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius

1 magistracy

Broughton: Sent as Praetor (or at the end of his praetorship with proconsular imperium) to Asculum to watch the Picentes. The murder of him and his Legate Fonteius was the spark that ignited the Social War (a).

Servilius is termed Praetor in Vell., Diod., and Oros., who also applies the title Legate to him, but Proconsul in Liv. and App. He was either a Praetor, who had received an imperium pro consule, as Mommsen thinks (b), or the incident occurred very early in 90 B. C. This date is not impossible as the death of Livius Drusus did not occur until autumn (c). We are not told the status of a certain Domitius who met a body of Italians under Pompaedius marching on Rome and dissuaded them (d).

Sources (4)

Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Diod. 37.13.2; Liv. Per. 72; Vell. 2.15.1; Flor. 2.6.9; App. BC 1.38; Oros. 5.18.8; cf. Obseq. 54
- (b) Str. 2.235
- (c) Cic. De, Or. 1.24, still alive in mid September
- (d) Diod. 37.13.1-2

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Octavius Ruso (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Lucilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius Caepio (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius Caepio

2 magistracies , aged 40 at this time

Broughton: Though nowhere specifically termed a Praetor, Servilius Caepio's position among the ex-Consuls and ex-Praetors who served as Legates in the Social War indicates that he had held the office (see 90, Legates). In 91 he was nine years beyond his quaestorship. He was not, so far as we know, prosecuted directly in that year, but Drusus did use against him the threat which Tribunes usually reserved for magistrates in office: that of hurling him from the Tarpeian rock (a). His attack on Scaurus in 92 drew upon him a counter-accusation, perhaps of ambitus in his candidacy (b). See Münzer, APF 300. (MRR2)

Sources (2)

Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.8 and 13; cf. Cic. Dom. 120; Plin. NH 28.148
- (b) Ascon. 21 C; Flor. 2.5.5

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Octavius Ruso (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Lucilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Ser. Sulpicius Galba

1 magistracy

Broughton: Galba's Position in Lucania at the outbreak of the Social War (a) seems similar to that of Q. Servilius at Aseulum. In the list of Pompeius Strabo's consilium at Asculum in 89 Cichorius supplies the name [Ser. Sulpi]cius C. f. Ani(ensi), who was probably a Legate of praetorian rank (b).

Sources (3)

Broughton, MRR2
- Liv. Per. 72, and 73; App. BC 1.47; CIL 12.2.709-ILS 8888, and discussion in Cichorius, RS 137-139, and 141.
- (a) Liv. Per. 72
- (b) ILS 8888; Cichorius, RS 137-139

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Octavius Ruso (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Lucilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Pompeius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Servilius (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Aediles

M. Claudius Marcellus (pr. 74)

2 magistracies

Brougthon: The date is given by the dramatic date of the De Oratore of Cicero, in September, 91. Even if the clause containing his title is a gloss, the Roman games which he gave at that time require a Curule Aedile.

Sources (1)

MRR2

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Verres (): 74 BCE (Praetor)

L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi (): 74 BCE (Praetor)

M. Antonius Creticus (): 74 BCE (Praetor)

P. Coelius (): 74 BCE (Praetor)

P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura (): 74 BCE (Praetor)

Ap. Claudius Pulcher

4 magistracies , aged 38 at this time

Broughton: MRR2: The latest date possible since he held the praetorship in 89.

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Har. Resp. 26; cf. Planc. 51.

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

P. Servilius Vatia Isauricus (): 79 BCE (Consul)

A. Sempronius Asellio (): 89 BCE (Praetor)

C. Cosconius (): 89 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Papirius Carbo (): 89 BCE (Praetor)

P. Gabinius (): 89 BCE (Praetor)

Quaestors

M. Aemilius Lepidus

3 magistracies , aged 30 at this time

Broughton: Cos. 78. Procos. 77. His province included both Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul, since M. Iunius Brutus (52) was his legatus (a). Criniti dates his death in Sardinia in summer 77 (b). For a detailed study of Lepidus' career, see (c). On his quaestorship, probably ca. 91 (d). Procos. or propr. in Sicily 80. In MRR 2.80, refer also to Cic. Verr. 2.2.8, and Shackleton Bailey, HSPh 83, 1979, 245-246.

MT: citation above taken from and confirmed in DPPR

Sources (4)

Broughton, MRR3
- (a) Badian, Mel. Piganiol, 910; cf. MRR 2.91
- (b) MIL 30, 4, 1969, 445
- (c) MIL 30, 4, 1969, 445
- (d) see Badian, Klio 66, 1984, 300-301

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

Q. Lutatius Catulus (): 81 BCE (Praetor) , 78 BCE (Consul)

C. Claudius Nero (): 81 BCE (Praetor)

C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 81 BCE (Praetor)

Cn. Cornelius Dolabella (): 81 BCE (Praetor)

L. Fufidius (): 81 BCE (Praetor)

Q. Sertorius

3 magistracies

Broughton: Served in Cisalpine Gaul, where he levied troops and procured arms for use in the Social War (a). Quaestor, more probably in 91 than 90 (b), since Plutarch has him elected promptly after his return from Spain and also when the Marsic war was breaking out (#). He was assigned to Cisalpine Gaul, where he levied troops, procured arms, and continued active as a proquaestor (c). See (d). Rejected for the tribunate of the plebs of 88 or 87 through Sulla's opposition (e), preferably in 89 for 88, as his defeat appears to precede Sulla's march on Rome in 88 (f). No ancient text mentions his praetorship, but the regular assignment of Hisp. Cit. to his command (g) at a time much #) earlier than his departure to Spain late in 83 strongly implies that he had held it. Schulten's date in 87 seems to be a slip (h), but Sertorius may well have reached the legal age by 86, and have been praetor in 85 or 84, a date consistent with his activity in Italy (Spann, op. cit.). It seems better, rather than accept an intervening loss of imperium before he went to Spain, to assume that he kept his imperium as procos. (i). He may have received command over both Spanish provinces as Annius Luscus did in 81 against him (j). Procos. in Spain. See MRR 2.90, and annually to 72 for sources. On his campaigns, see above, on Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius (98), and Cn. Pompeius Magnus (31). Spann places the siege of Contrebia (k) in the autumn of 77. If his assassination has been correctly re-dated to 73, the notice regarding it in MRR 2.118 under 72 should be transferred to 73, MRR 2.112, with the addition of references to Strabo (l), and with a special reference to App. (m) On the discovery that the site of Contrebia was at Botorrita, see (n).

MT: citation above taken from and confirmed in DPPR. In MRR2 in year 91 BCE there are no quaestors listed. Also I fixed the (a) citation, in DPRR it's Sest. but likely a typo meant to be Sert. (i.e. Life of Sertorius)

Sources (14)

Broughton, MRR3
- (a) Plut. Sert. 4.1
- (b) Plut. Sert. 4.1
- (c) Plut. 4.1-2; cf. Sall. Hist. 1.88M
- (d) Sumner, Orators 107-108; Spann, Sertorius 20-24
- (e) Plut. Sert. 4.2; discussion in Spann, 24-30
- (f) Plut. loc. cit.; Spann, 24ff.; Ch. F. Konrad, Sertorius 7-12, 204, note 18
- (g) App. BC 1.86, cf. 108; Ib. 101
- (h) Sertorius 38
- (i) Spann, 37-51; Konrad, 15-26
- (j) MRR 2.77; see Badian, Studies 96, 104, note 164-165
- (k) Liv. 91, fr. 22
- (l) Strabo 3.4.10, 161C; Amm. Marc. 26.9.9
- (m) App. Mith. 72
- (n) A. Balil, Epigraphica 42, 1980, 199-202; and now J. S. Richardson, JRS 73, 1983, 33-41

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

C. Papirius Carbo Arvina (pr. 83) (): 90 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs) , 83 BCE (Praetor)

P. Burrenus (): 83 BCE (Praetor)

C. Norbanus Flaccus Balbus (cos. 83) (): 83 BCE (Consul)

L. Cornelius Scipio Asiagenus (): 83 BCE (Consul)

M. Aemilius Lepidus (): 91 BCE (Quaestor)

Tribune of the Plebs

M. Livius Drusus

3 magistracies , aged 28 at this time

Broughton: Elected Tribune of the Plebs9 for 91 (a), and considered, like his advisers Aemilius Scaurus and Licinius Crassus, to be a conservative and a champion of the Senate (b), Drusus embarked upon a program of reform, in which he hoped to combine the interests and win the support of several classes: 1. the plebs by land and grain laws, with himself as one the commissioners for the assigning of land (c); 2. the senatorial and the equestrian orders, by enrolling 300 knights in the Senate and selecting the juries from the enlarged body, thus having them consist equally of senators and of former knights (d). He added a clause making the knights liable to prosecution for bribery (e). He also carried a currency law providing for the addition of one-eighth of bronze to the silver coinage (f). At least the first two measures were carried against the auspices and existing laws, and were later annulled as illegal (g). With this program he had hoped to gain support for proposals to extend the Roman citizenship to the Italian allies, but failed, in spite of promises he had made to them (h). He himself revealed to the Consuls a plot of the Allies to murder them at the Latin festival and was accused of complicity (i), and was soon afterwards murdered by some unknown agent (j).

Sources (10)

Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Elogium, Inscr. Ital. 13.3.74CIL 12.1, p. 199; Ascon. 68-69C; Oros. 5.18.1; see note 7
- (b) Cic. De Or. 1.24-25, ef. 97; Mil. 16; Dom. 50; Sall. Ad Caes. 2.6.4; Liv. Per. 70; Ascon. 21 C; Tac. Ann. 3.27; Dio 28, fr. 96.1-3; Schol. Bob. 117f., and 177 Stangl
- (c) Elogium, as above; Liv. Per. 71 ; Vell. 2.13.2; Flor. 2.5.6; App. BC 1.35-36; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.4 and 10; Ampel. 19.6; cf. Cichorius, RS 116-125
- (d) Liv. Per. 70, and 71; Flor. 2.5.4; App. BC 1.35; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.4 and 10
- (e) Cic. Cluent. 153; Rab. Post. 16; cf. Off. 2.75; Diod. 37.10.3; App. BC 1.35
- (f) Plin. NH 33.46
- (g) Cic. Dom. 41; Leg. 2.14 and 31; Diod. 37.10.3; Val. Max. 9.5.2; Vell. 2.13.2; Ascon. 69C; see above, Consuls
- (h) Liv. Per. 71; Vell. 2.14.1; Val. Max. 3.1.2; Plin. NH 25.52; 33.20; Flor. 2.5.6-7, and 6.3-4; App. BC 1.35; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.11; Oros. 5.18.1; Ampel. 19.6; 26.4; Schol. Bob. 117f. Stangl; cf. Diod. 37.11, the oath of the Italians to Drusus; Val. Max. 3.1.2; Plut. Cat. Min. 2.1-4
- (i) Liv. Per. 71; Flor. 2.6.8-9; Dio 28, fr. 96.4; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.12
- (j) Semp. Asell. fr. 11 Peter, in Gell. 13.22.8; Auct. Ad Herenn. 4.31; Cic. Mil. 16; ND 3.80-81; Sall. Ad Caes. 2.6.4; Elogium, as above; Liv. Per. 71; Vell. 2.14.1-2; Senec. Ad Marc. 16.4; Brev. Vit. 6.1-2; Plin. NH 28.148; Suet. Tib. 3.2; Flor. 2.6.4; App. BC 1.36; Dio 38.27.3; Auct. Vir. Ill. 66.12-13; Oros. 5.18.7; Schol. Bob. 118 and 177 Stangl; Augustin. CD 3.26

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

L. Sestius (tr. pl. 91) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Minicius (not in RE) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Remmius (): 94 BCE (Aedile)

Saufeius (1) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Sex. Julius Caesar (cos. 91) (): 94 BCE (Praetor) , 91 BCE (Consul)

Minicius (not in RE)

uncertain

1 magistracy

Broughton: Author of a law, perhaps tribunicial, assigning to children of marriages between Romans and non-Romans the status of the latter (a).

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Ulp. 5.8; Gaius 1.78-79; see Niccolini, FTP 424, and cf. RE 12.2399

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

L. Sestius (tr. pl. 91) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

M. Livius Drusus (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Saufeius (1) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Ap. Claudius Pulcher (): 91 BCE (Aedile)

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

Saufeius (1)

1 magistracy

Broughton: Carried an agrarian law which established a board of five, including Livius Drusus, to assign lands (a).

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- (a) Elogium of Drusus, Inscr. Ital. 13.3.74 CIL 12.1, p. 199

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

L. Sestius (tr. pl. 91) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

M. Livius Drusus (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Minicius (not in RE) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Ap. Claudius Pulcher (): 91 BCE (Aedile)

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)

L. Sestius (tr. pl. 91)

uncertain

1 magistracy

Broughton: According to Cicero (Sest. 6-7), a Tribune of the Plebs in good times, yet early enough to be father of the Tribune of 57. See Niccolini, FPP 422.1

Sources (1)

Broughton, MRR2
- Cic. Sest. 6-7

Career-overlap (5) Magistrates with the closest career overlap; red font indicates family member

M. Livius Drusus (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Minicius (not in RE) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Saufeius (1) (): 91 BCE (Tribune of the Plebs)

Ap. Claudius Pulcher (): 91 BCE (Aedile)

C. Perperna (): 91 BCE (Praetor)